Penggunaan Hewan dalam Konflik Bersenjata: Kajian Hukum Humaniter Internasional

Main Article Content

Akbar Kurnia Putra
Eunike Trisnawati
Retno Kusniati
Bernard Sipahutar
Ramlan Ramlan

Abstract

This article discusses the importance of regulating the use of animals in armed conflict considering the uncontrolled use of animals can threaten the lives of humans and animals themselves by determining certain limits that are allowed in war. The use of animals in war demonstrates human limitations and human dependence on other species. International humanitarian law focuses solely on the protection of humans and ignores the issue of how animals join the army in war and can be targeted by the military. In fact, animals are additional actors who contribute to the disputes of mankind today. Although military technology continues to develop with sophisticated equipment, it is undeniable that some of these special abilities can only be possessed by certain species. In essence, humanitarian law regulates two main points, namely regarding the means and methods of warfare (means and methods of warfare). Therefore, the interest of animals to be free from pain and suffering must be recognized as a value in the legal system, where there is a need for consideration of animal welfare and relevant interpretations to develop norms in other ways that refer to situations where suffering is a legal form of animal exploitation.


Abstrak


Artikel ini membahas mengenai pentingnya pengaturan penggunaan hewan dalam konflik bersenjata mengingat penggunaan hewan yang tidak terkendali dapat mengancam kehidupan manusia dan hewan itu sendiri dengan cara menentukan batas-batas tertentu yang diperbolehkan dalam perang. Penggunaan hewan dalam perang menunjukkan adanya keterbatasan manusia dan ketergantungan manusia pada spesies lain. Hukum humaniter internasional hanya berfokus pada perlindungan manusia dan mengabaikan isu tentang bagaimana hewan ikut serta menjadi prajurit dalam perang serta dapat dijadikan sasaran militer. Padahal, hewan merupakan aktor tambahan yang turut andil dalam sengketa umat manusia dewasa ini. Meskipun teknologi militer terus berkembang dengan peralatan canggih, tidak dimungkiri bahwa beberapa kemampuan khusus tersebut hanya dapat dimiliki oleh spesies tertentu. Pada hakikatnya hukum humaniter mengatur mengenai dua pokok, yakni mengenai alat dan cara atau metode berperang (means and methods of warfare). Oleh karena itu, kepentingan hewan untuk terbebas dari rasa sakit dan penderitaan harus diakui sebagai nilai dalam sistem hukum, di mana perlunya pertimbangan terhadap kesejahteraan hewan dan penafsiran yang relevan untuk mengembangkan norma-norma dengan cara lain yang merujuk pada situasi-situasi di mana penderitaan merupakan bentuk yang sah dari eksploitasi hewan.

Article Details

Section
Articles

References

Artikel, Buku, dan Laporan

Allsopp, Nigel. Animals in Combat. London: New Holland Publisher Ltd, 2014.

Asnawi, M. Iqbal. “Konsistensi Penegakan Hukum Humaniter Internasional dalam Hubungan Antar Bangsa.” Jurnal Hukum Samudera Keadilan, 12, 1 (2017): 111-122. DOI: 10.33059/jhsk.v16i.

Brulliard, K. “Russia’s Military is Recruiting Dolphins, and Their Mission is a Mystery.” The Washington Post, 20/1/2017.

Duffin, Allan T. “‘Bat Bombs’: WWII’S Project X-Ray.” Warfare History Network. https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2016/01/26/bat-bombs-wwiis-project-x-ray/. Diakses 8/1/2021.

Friedman, Lauri S. War. London: Greenhaven Press, 2009.

George, Isabel dan Rob Lloyd Jones. Animals at War. England: Usborne Publishing Ltd, 2006.

Grayson, Robert. Working Animals Military. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2011.

Haryomataram, KPHG. Pengantar Hukum Humaniter. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, cetakan tiga, 2012.

Hediger, Ryan. Animals and War: Studies of Europe and North America. Leiden-Boston: Brill NV, 2013.

Istanto, F. Sugeng. “Penerapan Hukum Humaniter Internasional pada Orang Sipil dan Perlindungan dalam Pertikaian Bersenjata. Disertasi, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, 1997.

Jabre, Kareen dan Norah Babic. International Humanitarian Law. Jenewa: Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) dan ICRC, 2016.

Kistler, John M. Animals in the Military: From Hannibal's Elephants to the Dolphins of the U.S. Navy: From Hannibal's Elephants to the Dolphins of the U.S. Navy. United States: ABC-CLIO, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2011.

Martinic, Gary. “Military Lives Issue Trsums Training Using Animals in The US- its Purpose, Importance and Commentary on Militer Medical Research and the Debate on Use of Animals in Military Training.” Journal of Military and Veterans Health, 20, 4 (2012): 1-84.

Milburn, Josh dan Sara Van Goozen. “Counting Animals in War: First Steps Towards an Inclusive Just-War Theory.” Social Theory and Practices Journal, 47, 4 (2020): 657-85. DOI:10.5840/soctheorpract2020123110.

Military History Maters. “Back to the Drawing Board Exploding Rats.” https://www.military-history.org/weapons-technology/back-to-the-drawing-board-exploding-rats.htm, 15/2/2012. Diakses 8/1/2021.

Nowrot, Karsten. “Animals at War: The Status of ‘Animal Soldiers’ under International Humanitarian Law.” Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung, 40, 4 (2015): 128-50. DOI:10.12759/HRS.40.2015.4.128-150.

Peters, Anne. “Global Animal Law: What it is and Why We Need it.” Transnational Enviromental Law, 5, 1 (2016): 9-23.

Putri, Ria Wierma. Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Bandar Lampung: Penerbit Universitas Lampung, 2011.

Sands, Phillipe, Jacqueline Peel, Adriana Fabra, dan Ruth MacKenzie. Principle of International EnviromentaL Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Widjajanto, Andi. “Modifikasi Strategi Militer.” Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 15, 1 (2013): 1-10. DOI:10.7454/global.v15i1.15.

Peraturan Hukum

International Committee of the Red Cross. Geneva Convention. 1949

The United Nation. Pre-draft UN Convention on Animal Health and Protection (UNCAHP). 12/8/2018.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Universal Declaration of Animal Rights 1978 - The United Nation Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 1978.

The World Trade Organization. International Standards of the World Organisation for Animals Health (OIE). 25/1/1924.